Drivers are underlying causes of change in society and ecosystems. The Reef is currently undergoing social, economic and environmental change. Drivers affect how society functions and interacts with the built and natural environment and can act independently or in combination. Economic and population growth, technological developments and societal attitudes are key drivers and affect the nature and intensity of the 4 primary factors influencing the Region (climate change, coastal development, land-based runoff and direct use) (Figure 6.1). Policy and institutions can also be drivers of change. The effectiveness of existing protection and management measures, including governance, is assessed in Chapter 7. Drivers lead to challenges for the natural environment but also benefits, particularly through technological development and societal changes.